While the gold standard, autografts, are limited in supply and are associated with donor site morbidity, allografts and prosthetic materials often show poor integration with the surrounding host bone, fragmentation, and displacement. Each of the strategies, however, has significant drawbacks. With the goal of shifting the strategy from prosthetic replacement to regeneration, bone tissue engineering using osteo-inductive and -conductive scaffolds may offer an alternative approach to overcome this problem.Д¬urrently, a variety of methods, including autografts, allografts, and alloplastic materials are used for treatment of such defects. Reconstruction of large bone defects formed as a result of trauma, resection, or congenital malformations remains problematic in orthopedic and craniofacial clinical practice. We propose that these scaffolds might be useful for the repair and regeneration of maxillofacial defects and injuries. Our results suggest that crosslinking electrospun hydroxyapatite-containing chitosan with genipin yields bio-composite scaffolds, which combine non-weight-bearing bone mechanical properties with a periosteum-like environment and facilitate the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of osteoblast-like cells. Similarly, cells cultured on hydroxyapatite-containing scaffolds had the highest rate of osteonectin mRNA expression over 2 weeks, indicating enhanced osteoinductivity of the composite scaffolds. Expression and enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase, an early osteogenic marker, were higher in cells cultured on the composite scaffolds as compared to pure chitosan scaffolds, reaching a significant, 2.4 fold, difference by day 14 (p<0.05). Both pure chitosan scaffolds and composite hydroxyapatite-containing chitosan scaffolds supported adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mouse 7F2 osteoblast-like cells. The YoungвЂ™s modulus of the composite fibrous scaffolds was 142в‘3 MPa, which is similar to that of the natural periosteum. Analysis by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy confirmed the presence of characteristic features of hydroxyapatite in the composite chitosan fibers. The average fiber diameters of the electrospun scaffolds were 227в‘54 nm as spun, and increased to 335в‘19 nm after crosslinking with genipin. The ultrastructure and physicochemical properties of the scaffolds were studied using scanning electron microscopy and spectroscopic techniques.

We hypothesized that the resulting composite scaffolds represent a microenvironment that emulates the physical, mineralized structure and mechanical properties of non-weight bearing bone extracellular matrix while promoting osteoblast differentiation and maturation similar to the periosteum. In this study we developed a one-step platform to electrospin nanofibrous scaffolds from chitosan, which also contain hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and are crosslinked with genipin. This lack of integration is often due to the absence of periosteum, the outer layer of bone that contains osteoprogenitor cells and is critical for the growth and remodeling of bone tissue. Autografts are limited in supply and are associated with donor site morbidity while other materials show poor integration with the hostвЂ™s own bone. This record has no associated files available for download.Reconstruction of large bone defects remains problematic in orthopedic and craniofacial clinical practice.

Result also showed that modified Gompertz equation was suitable to describe BP accumulation and BP rate. year of the EEMW by anaerobic co-digestion. year of the eight total major AOW by AD was lower (в€ј20.11%) than 961,989,781 m BP from the most AOW in Taiwan by AD was estimated to be 768,567,753 (743,522,223, excluding WOSR) m Of 16.99 mL/g VS-d, the highest BP of 615.74 mL/g VS and the highest bioconversion efficiency of 65.98% compared to the other organic wastes. The results showed that BP values in terms of volatile solids (VS) from rice husk, rice straw, flower residues, fruit and vegetable residues, wasted oyster shell residue (WOSR), fishery residues, livestock and poultry manures, livestock and poultry slaughter wastes (LPSW), and eight equally mixed wastes (EEMW) were 84.03, 193.36, 153.32, 76.27, 150.48, 63.26, 169.63, 615.74, and 172.83 mL/g VS, respectively. In this study, the biogas production (BP) of AOW was obtained by batch AD with anaerobic digesters (500 mL) at 35вЊ incubator.

Agricultural organic wastes (AOW) have the potential to provide bioenergy particularly found in biogas by anaerobic digestion (AD).

Digested organics incubator